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national bank note
National Bank Notes were United States currency banknotes issued by National banks chartered by the United States Government. The notes were usually backed by United States bonds the bank deposited with the United States Treasury. In addition, banks were required to maintain a redemption fund〔"National Bank Note". ''Webster's new international dictionary of the English language. Second edition''. 1949: G&C Merriam Company, Springfield, MA. p 1629〕 amounting to five percent of any outstanding note balance, in gold or "lawful money". 〔Most of the world's important monetary systems underwent far-reaching changes in the 1930s and 1940s, as a result of which banknotes ceased to be redeemable in gold, resulting therefore in the loss of any meaningful distinction between paper currency and "lawful money". The later printings of Webster's 2nd Edition were not updated to reflect these changes, and by 1949 the issuing of National Bank Notes and their redeemability in gold had long since ended.〕
== Background ==
Prior to the American Civil War, state banks issued their own banknotes and chartered private banks to issue banknotes as well. Privately issued banknotes were nominally backed by specie or financial securities held by the banks but oversight of issuing banks often was lax and encouraged wildcat banking, in which fraudulent institutions issued worthless banknotes. During the Civil War, in 1863, the National Banking Act established a system of National Banks which were empowered to issue National Bank Notes subject to federal oversight. The chartering of banks and administrative control over the issuance of National Bank Notes were the responsibility of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.〔http://www.moneyfactory.gov/document.cfm/5/44/112〕 A 2 percent tax on state bank notes was authorized in 1864 to speed conversion to the new system, only to be increased the next year to 10 percent, then 20 percent.
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